This report is based upon a number of field investigations among the Nan-ao Atayal, a group of aboriginal people in Taiwan, between the years 1960–1963. The report is divided into nine chapters, the first five chapters constitute the present volume, and the last four form the second volume. The content of the text can be listed briefly as follows: chapter one, Introduction, deals with the ecological setting, the history and settlements, the Chinese in the vicinity and the population and family types of the people. Chapter two, Socialization Process, describes the process of becoming the Atayal from early childhood through adult life. Chapter three, Social Groupings, discusses social groups such as kin unit, village and inter-village organization. Chapter four, Institutions and Norms, reports kinship terminology, marriage, cooperation and division of labor, property, social norms and social control of the people. Chapter five, Supernatural Beliefs and practices, deals with people's myths, legends, world view and their ritual behavior. Chapter six, Material Culture, records their clothing, ornaments, food and diet, housing, weaving, technology, transportation, games and pastimes. Chapter seven, Economic Life, reports agricultural methods, hunting techniques and other means of obtaining food, the structure of economy being also delineated. Chapter eight, collects eight biographies of representatives of the people including a village chief, old tribal men and women, young farmers and a house wife. Chapter nine, Conclusion, delineates the changing aspects of the culture, and several hypotheses are advanced to account for the trend of the changes.